The concept of abstraction so permeates the study of computer science and the design of computer systems that it behoves me to address it in this introduction. The term abstraction, as we are using it here, refers to the distinction between the external properties of an entity and detail of the entity and the details of the entity’s internal composition. It is abstraction that allows us to ignore the internal details of complex device such as a computer, automobile, or microwave oven and use it as a single, comprehensible unit. Moreover, it is by means of abstraction that such complex
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Conditions such as limited data storage capabilities and intricate, time consuming programming procedures restricted the complexity of the algorithms utilized in early computing machines. However, as these limitations began to disappear, machine were applied to increasingly larger and more complex tasks. As attempts to express the composition of these tasks in algorithmic form began to tax the abilities of the human mind, more and more research effort were directed toward the study of algorithms and the programming process.
It was in this context that the theoretical work of mathematician began to pay dividends. As a consequence of Gödel’s incompleteness theorem,
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Today’s computers have an huge family tree. One of the earliest computing devices was Abacus also called counting frame. The use of Abacus dates back 2700-2300 BC, the ancient Mesopotamian was the first civilization to be found using this device. Then it was spread to other civilization from Ancient Egypt, Iranian Persian, Greek, Roman, Chinese, Indian, Japanese, Korean, Native American and finally Russian. The machine is quite simple, constructed from frame that usually made from Bamboo, and beads sliding on rods. As the beads moved back and forth on the rods, their positions represent stored values. For the processing system,
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